Photo Credits
FRONT COVER
Maple: Steve Eilers
PLANT ID
Apple/Crabapple
A Katrina Mendrey, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Richard Krott, Tizer Botanical Gardens
Arborvitae
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Birch
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Boxelder
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Callery Pear/Bradford Pear
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Sour Cherry/Pie Cherry/Tart Cherry
A pixabay.com
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Cotoneaster/Hedge Cottoneaster
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Richard Krott, Tizer Botanical Gardens
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Douglas-Fir
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Mary Ellen (Mel) Harte, Bugwood.org
C Jim Eilers
D Jim Eilers
Elm
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Fir
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service (retired), Bugwood.org
Grape
A Richard Krott, Tizer Botanical Gardens
B Richard Krott, Tizer Botanical Gardens
C Richard Krott, Tizer Botanical Gardens
Green Ash
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Hackberry
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Hawthorn
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Carol Zimmer
Thornless Honeylocust
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Buckeye and Horsechestnut
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Juniper
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Lilac
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Linden
A Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B Richard Webb, Bugwood.org
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Maple
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Richard Krott, Tizer Botanical Gardens
European Mountain Ash
A Pat Breen, Oregon State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Richard Krott, Tizer Botanical Gardens
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Bur Oak
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Pine
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Quaking Aspen/Poplar/Cottonwood
A John Ruter University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Colorado Blue Spruce
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Virginia Creeper
A Richard Krott, Tizer Botanical Gardens
B Richard Krott, Tizer Botanical Gardens
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
White Willow/Golden Willow
A Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
B Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
DISEASES
Anthracnose
A William M. Brown Jr., Bugwood.org
B Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C Eva Grimme, Montana State University
D Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Apple Scab
A Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org
B Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org
C Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org
Bacterial Blight of Lilac
A William Jacobi, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
B William Jacobi, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
C Eva Grimme, Montana State University
D Eva Grimme, Montana State University
Bacterial Wetwood or Slime-flux
A Mike Schomaker, Colorado State Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C William Jacobi, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Black Canker of Willow
A Patrick Mangan, Montana State University
B Sherrie Smith, University of Arkansas
Black Knot
C Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Cedar-Apple Rust
A Gerald Holmes, California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo, Bugwood.org
B Brian Olson, Oklahoma State University, Bugwood.org
C John Hartman, University of Kentucky, Bugwood.org
D Elizabeth Bush, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org
Cedar-Hawthorn Rust
A John Hartman, University of Kentucky, Bugwood.org
B Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C Daniel H. Brown, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
D Ward Upham, Kansas State University, Bugwood.org
Crown Gall
A Lesley Ingram, Bugwood.org
B Edward L. Barnard, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org
C Eva Grimme, Montana State University
Cytospora Canker
A Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B Eva Grimme, Montana State University
C USDA Forest Service, Northern and Intermountain Region, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
D Eva Grimme, Montana State University
Diplodia Tip Blight
A Linda Haugen, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B Susan K. Hagle, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C Ronald S. Kelley, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Bugwood.org
D Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Dothistroma Needle Blight
A Steven Munson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B USDA Forest Service, Northern and Intermountain Region, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C Eva Grimme, Montana State University
D Petr Kapitola, Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Bugwood.org
Dutch Elm Disease
A Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B Minnesota Department of Natural Resources , Minnesota Department of Natural Resources,
Bugwood.org
C George Hudler, Cornell University, Bugwood.org
D William M. Brown Jr., Bugwood.org
Fire Blight
A P.G. Psallidas, Benaki Institute, Athens, Bugwood.org
B Elizabeth Bush, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org
C William Jacobi, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
D Rebekah D. Wallace, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Kabatina Tip Blight
A Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org
B Penn State Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Archives,
Penn State University, Bugwood.org
C Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org
Marssonina Leaf Blight
A William Jacobi, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
B Manfred Mielke, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C William Jacobi, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
D Eva Grimme, Montana State University
Nectria Canker
A John Hartman, University of Kentucky, Bugwood.org
B Ansel Oommen, Bugwood.org
C Andrej Kunca, National Forest Centre - Slovakia, Bugwood.org
D USDA Forest Service - Ogden, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Oak Leaf Blister
A Penn State Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Archives,
Penn State University, Bugwood.org
B Michael Kangas, NDSU - North Dakota Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org
D Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org
Phomposis Tip Blight
A Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org
D Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org
Powdery Mildew
A Andrej Kunca, National Forest Centre - Slovakia, Bugwood.org
B Petr Kapitola, Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Bugwood.org
C Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org
D Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org
Rhabdocline Needle Cast
A John W. Schwandt, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B Dawn Dailey O’Brien, Cornell University, Bugwood.org
C Andrej Kunca, National Forest Centre - Slovakia, Bugwood.org
D John W. Schwandt, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Rhizosphaera Needle Cast
A Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B USDA Forest Service - North Central Research Station , USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org
D Sandra Jensen, Cornell University, Bugwood.org
Shothole Blight
A Andrej Kunca, National Forest Centre - Slovakia, Bugwood.org
B Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
C William M. Brown Jr., Bugwood.org
D William M. Brown Jr., Bugwood.org
Stigmina Needle Cast
A Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org
B Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C Bruce Watt, University of Maine, Bugwood.org
Sudden Needle Drop
A USDA Forest Service - North Central Research Station , USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B Eva Grimme, Montana State University
C Eva Grimme, Montana State University
Swiss Needle Cast
A USDA Forest Service - North Central Research Station , USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C Petr Kapitola, Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Bugwood.org
D Susan K. Hagle, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Venturia Leaf and Shoot Blight
A William Jacobi, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
B Minnesota Department of Natural Resources , Minnesota Department of Natural Resources,
Bugwood.org
Western Gallrust
A USDA Forest Service - Ogden, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B James W. Byler, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C Rocky Mountain Research Station - Forest Pathology , USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
INSECTS
Aphids
A G. Csoka, HFRI, Bugwood.org #5371398
B D. Cappaert, Bugwood.org #5422731
C Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #2200050
Ash Bark Beetles
A J. Solomon, USFS, Bugwood.org #3067012
B W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #5506335
C D. Cappaert, Bugwood.org #5371044
Ash Flower Gall Mite
A S. Katovich, Bugwood.org #5202097
B D. O’Brien, Cornell University, Bugwood.org #5458338
C A. Munson, USFS, Bugwood.org #1470186
Ash Plant Bug
A S. Katovich, Bugwood.org #1398085
Aspen Blotch Leafminer
A S. Katovich, Bugwood.org #5443552
Blister Mites
A W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #1325070
Bronze Birch Borer
A S. Valley, ODA, Bugwood.org #545856
B S. Katovich, Bugwood.org #1457024
Codling moth
A Clemson University -USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org #1435202
B G. Csoka, HFRI, Bugwood.org #5429090
C M. Louadfel, Bugwood.org #5556837
Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid
A W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #5445209
B Pennsylvania DCNR-Forestry, Bugwood.org #5018062
C W. Ciesla, FHMl, Bugwood.org #758020
Cottony Maple Scale
A E. Nelson, Bugwood.org #5360709
B D. Blackford, USFS, Bugwood.org #2181096
Douglas-fir Tussock Moth
A W. Guy, Bugwood.org #1587117
B D. Powell, USFS, Bugwood.org #1212015
C USFS-Region 2, Bugwood.org #1441052
D W. Ciesla, FHMl, Bugwood.org #5346085
Engraver Beetles
A S. Katovich, Bugwood.org #1398232
B S. Tunnock, USFS, Bugwood.org #2253083
C K. Walker, Museum Victoria, Bugwood.org #5403413
Eriophyid Mites
A Lauren Kerzicnik, Montana State University
B M. Zubrik, FRI, Slovakia, Bugwood.org #5379452
C S. Katovich, Bugwood.org #5424246
European Elm Scale
A J. Berger, Bugwood.org #5402456
B W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #5303021
Forest Tent Caterpillars
A W. Ciesla, FHMl, Bugwood.org #5537850
B W. Ciesla, FHMl, Bugwood.org #5509373
C W. Ciesla, FHMl, Bugwood.org #5509369
D W. Ciesla, FHMl, Bugwood.org #5509359
Giant Conifer Aphids
A B. Hammon, CSU, Bugwood.org #5495188
B W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #1476087
Leafcurl Ash Aphid
A W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #5445320
B W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #5445325
C L. Hyche, Auburn University, Bugwood.org #1419468
Leafhoppers
A W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #1455200
Mountain Pine Beetle
A S. Valley, ODA, Bugwood.org #5478685
B W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #5382166
C W. Ciesla, FHMl, Bugwood.org #1254003
Oystershell Scale
A W. Ciesla, FHMl, Bugwood.org #1254050
B W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #5509538
C W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #1325097
Pear Sawfly
A J. Payne, USDA-ARS, Bugwood.org #1224178
B L. Ingram, Bugwood.org #5401602
Pine Needle Scale
A J. Hanson, USFS, Bugwood.org #0949066
B US National Collection of Scale Insects Photographs, USDA-ARS, Bugwood.org #5111063
Poplar Borer
A J. Solomon, USFS, Bugwood.org #3046001
B W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #1476104
C J. Solomon, USFS, Bugwood.org #284067
Root Weevils
A C. Moorehead, Bugwood.org #5211047
B W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #5499242
C W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #5561106
Rough Bulletgall Wasp
C W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #5083021
Spruce Bud Scale
Spruce Spider Mite
B W. Strong, BC Ministry of Forests, Bugwood.org #5445597
Two-spotted Spider Mite
B W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #5369738
Western Spruce Budworm
B W. Ciesla, FHMl, Bugwood.org #5466869
C W. Ciesla, FHMl, Bugwood.org #5466872
White Pine Weevil
B S. Katovich, Bugwood.org #1199034
C W. Cranshaw, CSU, Bugwood.org #1326028
Willow Redgall Sawfly
B DAFF Archive, Bugwood.org #1194105
ABIOTIC ISSUES
B Luana Vargas, Desert Botanical Garden, Bugwood.org
C Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Deer
B Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
Drought Stress
B Charles Hoysa, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Bugwood.org
C Susan K. Hagle, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Fasciation
B Richard Krott, Tizer Botanical Gardens
Frost Crack
B Sarah Eilers, Montana State University
Herbicide Injury–Glyphosate
Herbicide Injury–Sythetic Auxins
B Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Bugwood.org
Leaf Chlorosis
B Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Leaf Scorch
B Chance Noffsinger, Montana State University
Seasonal Needle Drop
Transplant Shock
A Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
C Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Voles
B Elizabeth Bush, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org
C Richard Krott, Tizer Botanical Gardens
Woodpeckers and Sapsuckers
A Terry Spivey, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
B Alice Siebecker
C Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
D Sarah Eilers, Montana State University